Amsacrine

Chemical compound

L01XX01 (WHO)

Legal statusLegal status

US: a

Pharmacokinetic dataProtein binding96 to 98%Elimination half-life8–9 hoursIdentifiers

IUPAC name

N-(4-(acridin-9-ylamino)-3-methoxyphenyl)methanesulfonamide

CAS Number

51264-14-3^Y

PubChem CID

2179

DrugBank

DB00276^Y

ChemSpider

2094^Y

UNII

00DPD30SOY

KEGG

D02321^Y

ChEBI

CHEBI:2687^Y

ChEMBL

ChEMBL43^Y

CompTox Dashboard (EPA)

DTXSID4022604

ECHA InfoCard100.051.887

Chemical and physical dataFormulaC₂₁H₁₉N₃O₃SMolar mass393.46 g·mol⁻¹3D model (JSmol)

Interactive image

SMILES

O=S(=O)(Nc1ccc(c(OC)c1)Nc2c4c(nc3c2cccc3)cccc4)C

InChI

InChI=1S/C21H19N3O3S/c1-27-20-13-14(24-28(2,25)26)11-12-19(20)23-21-15-7-3-5-9-17(15)22-18-10-6-4-8-16(18)21/h3-13,24H,1-2H3,(H,22,23)^Y
Key:XCPGHVQEEXUHNC-UHFFFAOYSA-N^Y

(verify)

Amsacrine (synonyms: m-AMSA, acridinyl anisidide) is an antineoplastic agent.

It has been used in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.^[1]

Mechanism

Its planar fused ring system can intercalate into the DNA of tumor cells, thereby altering the major and minor groove proportions. These alterations to DNA structure inhibit both DNA replication and transcription by reducing association between the affected DNA and: DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase and transcription factors.

Amsacrine also expresses topoisomerase inhibitor activity, specifically inhibiting topoisomerase II.^[2] In contrast, the structurally similar o-AMSA differing in the position of the methoxy substituent group on the anilino-ring have little ability to poison topoisomerase II despite its intercalative behavior, suggesting that intercalation of the molecule in itself is insufficient to trap topoisomerase II as a covalent complex on DNA.^[3]^[4]^[5]

References

^ Horstmann MA, Hassenpflug WA, zur Stadt U, Escherich G, Janka G, Kabisch H (December 2005). "Amsacrine combined with etoposide and high-dose methylprednisolone as salvage therapy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia in children". Haematologica. 90 (12): 1701–3. PMID 16330449.
^ Ketron AC, Denny WA, Graves DE, Osheroff N (February 2012). "Amsacrine as a Topoisomerase II Poison: Importance of Drug-DNA Interactions". Biochemistry. 51 (8): 1730–1739. doi:10.1021/bi201159b. PMC 3289736. PMID 22304499.
^ Wadkins RM, Graves DE (December 1989). "Thermodynamics of the interactions of m-AMSA and o-AMSA with nucleic acids: influence of ionic strength and DNA base composition". Nucleic Acids Research. 17 (23): 9933–46. doi:10.1093/nar/17.23.9933. PMC 335223. PMID 2602146.
^ DeMarini DM, Doerr CL, Meyer MK, Brock KH, Hozier J, Moore MM (September 1987). "Mutagenicity of m-AMSA and o-AMSA in mammalian cells due to clastogenic mechanism: possible role of topoisomerase". Mutagenesis. 2 (5): 349–55. doi:10.1093/mutage/2.5.349. PMID 2830452.
^ Nitiss JL (May 2009). "Targeting DNA topoisomerase II in cancer chemotherapy". Nature Reviews. Cancer. 9 (5): 338–50. doi:10.1038/nrc2607. PMC 2748742. PMID 19377506.

Intracellular chemotherapeutic agents / antineoplastic agents (L01)

SPs/MIs
(M phase)

Block microtubule assembly	Vinca alkaloids (Vinblastine^# Vincristine^# Vindesine Vinflunine^§ Vinorelbine^#)
Block microtubule disassembly	Taxanes (Cabazitaxel Docetaxel^# Larotaxel Ortataxel^† Paclitaxel^# Tesetaxel) Epothilones (Ixabepilone)

DNA replication
inhibitor

DNA precursors/
antimetabolites
(S phase)

Folic acid	Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor (Aminopterin Methotrexate^# Pemetrexed Pralatrexate) Thymidylate synthase inhibitor (Pemetrexed Raltitrexed)
Purine	Adenosine deaminase inhibitor (Pentostatin) Halogenated/ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors (Cladribine Clofarabine Fludarabine) Nelarabine Thiopurine (Mercaptopurine^# Tioguanine^#)
Pyrimidine	Thymidylate synthase inhibitor (Capecitabine^# Carmofur Doxifluridine Floxuridine Fluorouracil^# Tegafur (+gimeracil/oteracil)) DNA polymerase inhibitor (Cytarabine^# +daunorubicin) Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor (Gemcitabine^#) Hypomethylating agent (Azacitidine Decitabine)
Deoxyribonucleotide	Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor (Hydroxycarbamide^#)

Topoisomerase inhibitors
(S phase)

I	Camptotheca (Belotecan Camptothecin Cositecan^† Etirinotecan pegol^† Exatecan Gimatecan Irinotecan^# Lurtotecan^‡ Rubitecan^‡ Silatecan^§ Topotecan)
II	Podophyllum (Etoposide^# Teniposide)
II+Intercalation	Anthracyclines (Aclarubicin Amrubicin^† Daunorubicin^# (+cytarabine) Doxorubicin^# Epirubicin Idarubicin Pirarubicin Valrubicin Zorubicin) Anthracenediones (Mitoxantrone Losoxantrone Pixantrone) Amsacrine Bisantrene Crisnatol Menogaril^§

Crosslinking of DNA
(CCNS)

Alkylating	Nitrogen mustards: Bendamustine^# Chlormethine Cyclophosphamide^# (Ifosfamide^# Trofosfamide) Chlorambucil^# Melphalan (Melphalan flufenamide) Prednimustine Uramustine Nitrosoureas: Carmustine Fotemustine Lomustine (Semustine) Nimustine Ranimustine Streptozocin Alkyl sulfonates: Busulfan (Mannosulfan Treosulfan) Aziridines: Carboquone Thiotepa Triaziquone Triethylenemelamine
Platinum-based	Carboplatin^# Cisplatin^# Dicycloplatin Nedaplatin Oxaliplatin^# Satraplatin
Nonclassical	Altretamine Hydrazines (Procarbazine^#) Etoglucid Mitobronitol Pipobroman Triazenes (Dacarbazine^# Mitozolomide^§ Temozolomide)
Intercalation	Streptomyces (Dactinomycin^# Bleomycin^# Mitomycins Plicamycin)

Photosensitizers/PDT

Other

Enzyme inhibitors	FI (Tipifarnib^§) CDK inhibitors (Abemaciclib Alvocidib^† Palbociclib Ribociclib Seliciclib^†) PrI Bortezomib Carfilzomib Oprozomib Ixazomib PhI (Anagrelide) IMPDI (Tiazofurin^§) LI (Masoprocol) PARP inhibitor (Fuzuloparib) Niraparib +abiraterone acetate Olaparib Rucaparib) HDAC (Belinostat Entinostat Panobinostat Romidepsin Vorinostat) PIKI (Pi3K) (Alpelisib Copanlisib Duvelisib Idelalisib Umbralisib^‡)
Receptor antagonists	ERA (Atrasentan) Retinoid X receptor (Bexarotene) Sex steroid (Testolactone)
Other/ungrouped	Adagrasib Aflibercept Arsenic trioxide Asparagine depleters (Asparaginase^#/Pegaspargase) Axicabtagene ciloleucel Belzutifan Bexarotene Brexucabtagene autoleucel Celecoxib Ciltacabtagene autoleucel Demecolcine Denileukin diftitox Elesclomol^§ Elsamitrucin Enasidenib Epacadostat Eribulin Estramustine phosphate Glasdegib Idecabtagene vicleucel Ivosidenib Lifileucel Lonidamine Lucanthone Lurbinectedin Mitoguazone Mitotane Oblimersen^† Omacetaxine mepesuccinate Plitidepsin Retinoids (Alitretinoin Tretinoin^#) Selinexor Sitimagene ceradenovec Sotorasib Tagraxofusp Talimogene laherparepvec Tazemetostat Tebentafusp Tiazofurine Tigilanol tiglate Tisagenlecleucel Trabectedin Veliparib Venetoclax Verdinexor Vosaroxin