Hongtu-1
宏图 Hóngtú | |
Program overview | |
---|---|
Country | People's Republic of China |
Organization | China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) |
Purpose | Earth observation, reconnaissance |
Status | Active |
Program history | |
First flight | 30 March 2023 |
Successes | 4 |
Failures | 0 |
Launch site(s) | TSLC |
Vehicle information | |
Launch vehicle(s) | Long March 2D |
The Hongtu-1 (Chinese: 宏图一号), known commonly by its English-language name PIESAT-1 and infrequently as Nuwa-1, is a Chinese commercial X-band interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) satellite constellation performing Earth observation missions in Sun-synchronous orbit.[1][2] Hongtu-1 satellites are intended to map global non-polar regions at a scale of 1:50,000 meters to produce high-precision digital surface models (DSM), likely fulfilling both commercial, scientific, and military reconnaissance tasks.[1][3]
The constellation is designed around a hub-and-spoke architecture with three auxiliary (or 'spoke') satellites collecting and a single master (or 'hub') satellite transmitting collected data and receiving instructions for the accompanying auxiliary satellites.[1] Operating in a close formation, these co-orbiting satellites utilize inter-satellite communication to maintain stable and precision synchronization. According to the developer of Hongtu-1 satellites, GalaxySpace, the master satellite weights approximately 320 kilograms and a single auxiliary satellite weights approximately 270 kilograms.[citation needed]
Hongtu-1 satellites are domestically produced by GalaxySpace, a Beijing-based private satellite developer, for PIESAT Information Technology Co. Ltd. and launched by China Great Wall Industry Corporation (CGWIC), a subsidiary of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation (CASC) on a Long March 2D rocket provided by CASC's Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology (SAST).[4] PIESAT has publicly announced their goal to deploy 38 satellites in the constellation, 28 of which are synthetic aperture radar (SAR) alongside 10 optical imaging satellites including panchromatic and multispectral sensors.[3][5] The first launch of PIESAT-1 (Hongtu-1) satellites took place at Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center (TSLC) in China's Shanxi Province on 30 March 2023.[1][2][6]
Satellites
Name | Launch | Orbit | Orbital Apsis | Inclination | SCN | COSPARID | Launch site | Vehicle |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PIESAT-1A-01 | 30 March 2023 | SSO | 521.2 km × 539.0 km 522.2 km × 540.6 km 520.2 km × 541.3 km 520.5 km × 541.0 km | 97.5° 97.5° 97.5° 97.4° | 56153 56154 | 2023-047A 2023-047B 2023-047C 2023-047D | TSLC | Long March 2D |
PIESAT-1B-01 | SSO | |||||||
PIESAT-1B-02 | SSO | |||||||
PIESAT-1B-03 | SSO | |||||||
Note: The four tracked satellites have not yet been individually tied to the allocated COSPAR identifiers and Satellite Catalog Numbers (SCNs).Sources: United States Space Force (USSF), N2YO |
References
- ^ a b c d Jones, Andrew (31 March 2023). "China launches 4 InSAR satellites and new Yaogan reconnaissance sat". SpaceNews.
- ^ a b Jonathan McDowell [@planet4589] (30 March 2023). "China's SAST launched a CZ-2D at 1050 UTC Mar 30 placing four radar satellites in a 497 x 512 km x 97.4 deg, 18:00 LTDN sun-sync orbit. The CZ-2D second stage appears to have made a controlled deorbit soon after deploying the satellites" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ a b "PIESAT - About Us". PIESAT.
- ^ "CGWIC Successfully Launches PIESAT-1-A-01 and PIESAT-1-B-01~03 satellites by LM-2D Launch Vehicle". China Great Wall Industry Corporation. 31 March 2023.
- ^ @CNSpaceflight (22 December 2022). "PIESAT 航天宏图 plans to build a 38-satellite constellation: Nuwa-1, including 28 SARs and 10 optical imaging satellites. The first 4, named PIESAT-1, are planned to be launched on March 30 2023" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
- ^ 中国成功发射宏图一号01组卫星 [China successfully launches Hongtu-1 Group 01 satellites] (Television production) (in Chinese). China News Service. 30 March 2023.
- v
- t
- e
- ION SCV-007 & 008 (Astrocast × 4), Orbiter SN1† (Unicorn-2G†, Unicorn-2H†), Vigoride-5, ICEYE × 3, Lynk Tower 03, Lynk Tower 04, ÑuSat × 4, Flock 4y × 36, KSF3 × 4, Gama Alpha, Lemur-2 × 6, Milspace-2 1, MilSpace-2 2, Platform 2, SpaceBEE × 12,
- Shijian 23
- AMAN†, CIRCE 1†, CIRCE 2†, ForgeStar-0†, Prometheus 2A†, Prometheus 2B†, STORK-6†
- OneWeb L16 (40 satellites)
- Apstar 6E
- Yaogan 37, Shiyan 22A, Shiyan 22B
- Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D 34, Jilin-1 Hongwai-01A × 2, Jilin-1 Mofang-02A × 3
- LDPE-3A, USA-342 / CBAS-2
- USA-343 / GPS III-06
- Starlink G2-4 (51 satellites)
- Hawk × 3
- IGS-Radar 7
- Starlink G5-2 (56 satellites)
- Starlink G2-6 (49 satellites), ION SCV-009
- Starlink G5-3 (53 satellites)
- Elektro-L №4
- Amazonas Nexus
- Progress MS-22
- Starlink G5-4 (55 satellites)
- Starlink G2-5 (51 satellites)
- Inmarsat-6 F2
- ChinaSat 26
- Soyuz MS-23
- Starlink G6-1 (21 satellites)
- SpaceX Crew-6
- Starlink G2-7 (51 satellites)
- Nahid-1†
- ALOS-3†
- OneWeb L17 (40 satellites)
- Olymp-K №2 / Luch-5X
- SpaceX CRS-27
- Shiyan 19
- Capella 9, Capella 10
- Gaofen 13-02
- Starlink G2-8 (52 satellites)
- SES-18, SES-19
- Kosmos 2567 / Bars-M 4L
- BlackSky 18, BlackSky 19
- Starlink G5-5 (56 satellites)
- OneWeb L18 (36 satellites)
- Ofeq-13
- Kosmos 2568 / EO MKA №4
- Starlink G5-10 (56 satellites)
- PIESAT-1A 01, PIESAT-1B × 3
- Yaogan 34-04
- SDA Transport Layer Tranche 0 × 8, SDA Tracking Layer Tranche 0 × 2
- Intelsat 40e / TEMPO
- JUICE
- ION SCV-010 (Kepler-20, Kepler-21), Vigoride-6, Hawk × 3, İMECE, ÑuSat × 4, Brokkr-1, DEWA SAT-2, LacunaSat-2F, Lemur-2 × 3, Sateliot_0 / Platform 3, TAIFA-1
- Fengyun 3G
- Starlink G6-2 (21 satellites)
- Starlink G3-5 (46 satellites)
- O3b mPOWER 3, O3b mPOWER 4
- ViaSat-3.1
- Starlink G5-6 (56 satellites)
- TROPICS 05, TROPICS 06
- Tianzhou 6
- Starlink G2-9 (51 satellites)
- BeiDou-3 G4
- Starlink G6-3 (22 satellites)
- Iridium 9 (5 satellites), OneWeb L19 (15 satellites), JoeySat
- Axiom Mission 2
- Progress MS-23
- TROPICS 03, TROPICS 07
- Kondor-FKA №1
- Arabsat 7B (BADR-8)
- NVS-01
- Shenzhou 16
- Malligyong-1†
- Starlink G2-10 (52 satellites)
- Starlink G6-4 (22 satellites)
- SpaceX CRS-28 (Maya-5, Maya-6)
- Shiyan 24A, Shiyan 24B
- Starlink G5-11 (52 satellites)
- ION SCV-011 (Unicorn-2I), Orbiter SN3, Blackjack Aces × 4, ICEYE × 4, ÑuSat × 4, GEISAT, Lemur-2 × 3, MISR-A, MISR-B, SpaceBEE × 12, Tiger-4, XVI
- Jilin-1 Gaofen-03D × 8, Jilin-1 Gaofen-06A × 30, Jilin-1 Pingtai-02A × 2
- SATRIA
- Shiyan 25
- Starlink G5-7 (47 satellites)
- USA-345 / Orion 11
- Starlink G5-12 (56 satellites)
- Meteor-M №2-3
- Euclid
- Syracuse 4B
- Starlink G5-13 (48 satellites)
- Starlink G6-5 (22 satellites)
- Chandrayaan-3 (Vikram, Pragyan)
- Starlink G5-15 (54 satellites)
- Lemur-2 × 2
- Starlink G6-15 (15 satellites)
- Starlink G6-6 (22 satellites)
- Yaogan 36-05 (3 satellites)
- Starlink G6-7 (22 satellites)
- Jupiter-3 / EchoStar-24
- Cygnus NG-19
- Fengyun 3F
- Galaxy-37
- Starlink G6-8 (22 satellites)
- Kosmos 2569 / GLONASS-K2 13L
- Starlink G6-20 (15 satellites)
- S-SAR 02 / Huanjing-2F
- Luna 25
- Starlink G6-9 (22 satellites)
- Starlink G6-10 (22 satellites)
- Gaofen 12-04
- Starlink G7-1 (21 satellites)
- Progress MS-24
- Malligyong-1 F2†
- Acadia 1
- Jilin-1 Kuanfu-02A
- SpaceX Crew-7
- Starlink G6-11 (22 satellites)
- Yaogan 39-01 (3 satellites)
- Starlink G6-13 (22 satellites)
- Aditya-L1
- SDA Transport Layer Tranche 0 × 11, SDA Tracking Layer Tranche 0 × 2
- Starlink G6-12 (21 satellites)
- Yaogan 33-03
- XRISM, SLIM (LEV-1, LEV-2)
- Starlink G6-14 (22 satellites)
- Yaogan 40 (3 satellites)
- USA-346 / Silentbarker 1, USA-347 / Silentbarker 2, USA-348 / Silentbarker 3
- Starlink G7-2 (21 satellites)
- Soyuz MS-24
- Starlink G6-16 (22 satellites)
- Yaogan 39-02 (3 satellites)
- Acadia 2†
- Starlink G6-17 (22 satellites)
- Jilin-1 Gaofen-04B†
- Starlink G6-18 (22 satellites)
- Starlink G7-3 (21 satellites)
- Yaogan 33-04
- Starlink G6-19 (22 satellites)
- Yaogan 39-03 (3 satellites)
- Starlink G6-21 (22 satellites)
- KuiperSat-1, KuiperSat-2
- THEOS-2, MACSAT
- Starlink G7-4 (21 satellites)
- Psyche
- Starlink G6-22 (22 satellites)
- Starlink G6-23 (22 satellites)
- Starlink G7-5 (21 satellites)
- Starlink G6-24 (23 satellites)
- Yaogan 39-04 (3 satellites)
- Shenzhou 17
- Kosmos 2570 / Lotos-S1 №7 (Kosmos 2571)
- Starlink G7-6 (22 satellites)
- Starlink G6-25 (23 satellites)
- TJS-10
- Starlink G6-26 (23 satellites)
- Starlink G6-27 (23 satellites)
- ChinaSat 6E
- SpaceX CRS-29
- ION SCV-015 (Lemur-2 NANAZ, OSW Cazorla, Unicorn-2J, Unicorn-2K), Aether-1, Aether-2, FalconSAT-X, ICEYE × 4, Pelican-1, B1B2 Barry, Flock-4q × 36, Lemur-2 × 10, PEARL-1C, PEARL-1H, Platform 5, STORK-7 / Aman-1
- O3b mPOWER 5, O3b mPOWER 6
- Haiyang-3A
- Starlink G6-28 (23 satellites)
- Starlink G7-7 (22 satellites)
- Malligyong-1 F3
- Starlink G6-29 (23 satellites)
- Kosmos 2572 / Razdan 1
- Starlink G6-30 (23 satellites)
- Progress MS-25
- ION SCV-012 (Unicorn × 3), EIRSAT-1, Hayasat-1
- Starlink G6-31 (23 satellites)
- Starlink G6-33 (23 satellites)
- Starlink G7-8 (22 satellites)
- Yaogan 39-05 (3 satellites)
- Reusable Experimental Spacecraft
- Yaogan 41
- Starlink G6-34 (23 satellites)
- Kosmos 2573 / Bars-M 5L
- Starlink G6-32 (23 satellites)
- SARah-2, SARah-3
- Shiyan 24C-01, Shiyan 24C-02, Shiyan 24C-03
- BeiDou-3 M25, BeiDou-3 M26
- Kosmos 2574 / Razbeg No.1
- USA-349 / X-37B OTV-7
- Starlink G6-36 (23 satellites)
Crewed flights are underlined. Launch failures are marked with the † sign. Payloads deployed from other spacecraft are (enclosed in parentheses).