List of media during the Turkish War of Independence
Media during the Turkish War of Independence refers to the political attitudes of newspapers and magazines that were published in Anatolia and Constantinople during the Turkish War of Independence between the Armistice of Mudros (1919) and the Treaty of Lausanne (1923).
Background
After the World War I, the Ottoman Empire was partitioned by the Entente. The Turkish National Movement in Anatolia culminated in the formation of the Grand National Assembly (GNA; Turkish: Büyük Millet Meclisi [BMM]) by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues. After the end of the Turkish–Armenian, Franco-Turkish and Greco-Turkish fronts (often referred to as the Eastern Front, the Southern Front, and the Western Front of the war, respectively), the Treaty of Sèvres was abandoned and the Treaties of Kars (October 1921) and Lausanne (July 1923) were signed. The Allies left Anatolia and Eastern Thrace, and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (which remains Turkey's primary legislative body today) declared the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923.
During this period, an important amount of newspapers and magazines published in region supported the Turkish National Movement. Initially, because of the occupation of city, the mass media in Istanbul was unable to write subjects such as Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Kuva-yi Milliye, War of Independence and Grand National Assembly of Turkey. Some newspapers even openly supported the occupation by trying to convince the people to not resist.[1] There were also many newspapers and magazines owned by minorities who mostly supported a mandate rule over Anatolia and named Kuva-yi Milliye "irresponsible gangs".[2]
List
Media that was in support of the Turkish National Movement
It was published between 1913 and 1922, when it was abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey. The main writer of newspaper was Ali Kemal, and the newspaper was known for supporting British occupation.
Armenian newspaper. Supported the Allied occupation, and it was known for calling the Kuva-yi Milliye "irresponsible gangs"
Journal d'Orient
Constantinople
Newspaper
Jewish newspaper. Did not support a specific occupation, but stated that it would accept any rule, as long as Jews had minority rights.
Anatolia
Name
Center
Type
Frequency
Notes
Telgrafos
İzmir
Newspaper
Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet.
Patris
İzmir
Newspaper
Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet.
Amolthia Kozmoz
İzmir
Newspaper
Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet.
Estia
İzmir
Newspaper
Greek newspaper. Supported Greek rule over Aidin Vilayet.
Epota
Trabzon
Newspaper
Greek newspaper.
Pharos İanadolis
Trabzon
Newspaper
Greek newspaper.
Toros
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Kilikya
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Hayistan
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Azadamard
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Adana
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian owned newspaper. It was written in Turkish with an Armenian alphabet.
Davros
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Haygagan Tsayn
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Art
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Sakank
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Ararat
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Nor Aşharn
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Kilikya Surhantay
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
Nor Serunt
Adana
Newspaper
Armenian newspaper.
References
Citations
^"Milli Mücadele Başlangıcında Basın ve Mustafa Kemal Paşa'nın Basınla İlişkileri". İşte Atatürk. Archived from the original on 11 May 2015.
^"Azınlıklar Milli Mücadele ve Sonrası Ekonomik, Eğitim-Kültür, Basın Faaliyetleri". www.filozof.net. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
^Shissler, A. Holly (2003). Between Two Empires: Ahmet Agaoglu and the New Turkey. I.B.Tauris. p. 185. ISBN 9781860648557.
^Schumann, Christoph (2008). Liberal Thought in the Eastern Mediterranean: Late 19th Century Until the 1960s. BRILL. p. 192. ISBN 9789004165489.
^Shaw, Stanford J. (1977). History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey: Volume 2, Reform, Revolution, and Republic: The Rise of Modern Turkey 1808-1975, Volume 11. Cambridge University Press. p. 486. ISBN 9780521291668.
^İslam, İbrahim. "Milli Mücadele'ye Muhalif Bir Gazete "Ferdâ" (PDF). www.zgefdergi.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 14 February 2016.
^ abAkalın, Gülseren. "Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda Adana Basını". turkoloji.cu.edu.tr. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012.
Cited bibliography
Koloğlu, Orhan, 1929- (1993). Türk basını : kuvayı milliye'den günümüze : 70. yılında Cumhuriyet basını (1. baskı ed.). Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı. ISBN 975-17-1356-0. OCLC 31180318.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
Özel, Mehmet. Cephelerden Kurtuluş Savaşına, İmparatorluktan Cumhuriyete. T.C.Kültür Bakanlığı Güzel Sanatlar Genel Müdürlüğü Yayınları.
"Kurtuluş Savaşı'nda Türk Basını". Archived from the original on 21 March 2015.
Koloğlu, Orhan, 1929- (1993). Türk basını : kuvayı milliye'den günümüze : 70. yılında Cumhuriyet basını (1. baskı ed.). Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı. ISBN 975-17-1356-0. OCLC 31180318.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)