Har Gobind Khorana

Har Gobind Khorana (Raipur, 9 gennaio 1922 – Concord, 9 novembre 2011) è stato un biochimico indiano naturalizzato statunitense.

La sua ricerca medica si è svolta nell'ambito della decifrazione del codice genetico: riuscì per primo a costruire in laboratorio degli RNA messaggeri monotoni nella ripetizione della coppia di nucleotidi CU. Non riuscì a ricavare informazioni precise sul significato delle triplette CUC e UCU, ma portò una definitiva dimostrazione del fatto che il codice genetico fosse a triplette: infatti la proteina che si formava in seguito alla lettura del messaggio era formata da due amminoacidi che si alternavano e se il codice genetico fosse stato a doppiette si sarebbe formata una proteina monotona (lo stesso sarebbe successo se fosse stato a gruppi di 4 nucleotidi).

Nel 1968 le sue ricerche nella descrizione del codice genetico e sul suo ruolo nella sintesi proteica, gli valsero il premio Nobel per la medicina insieme a Marshall Warren Nirenberg e a Robert William Holley.

Onorificenze

Padma Vibhushan

— 1969

Bibliografia

(EN) Thomas P. Sakmar, Har Gobind Khorana (1922–2011): Pioneering Spirit, in PLoS Biology, vol. 10, n. 2, 2012, DOI:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001273. http://www.plosbiology.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.1001273&representation=PDF^{[collegamento interrotto]}

Altri progetti

Wikimedia Commons

Wikimedia Commons contiene immagini o altri file su Har Gobind Khorana

Collegamenti esterni

Khorana, Har Gobind, su sapere.it, De Agostini.
(EN) Har Gobind Khorana, su Enciclopedia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
(EN, FR) Har Gobind Khorana, su Enciclopedia canadese.
(EN) Har Gobind Khorana, su nobelprize.org.
(EN) Opere di Har Gobind Khorana / Har Gobind Khorana (altra versione), su Open Library, Internet Archive.

V · D · M

Vincitori del Premio Louisa Gross Horwitz (Columbia University)

Luis Federico Leloir (1967) · Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall Warren Nirenberg (1968) · Max Delbrück, Salvatore Luria (1969) · Albert Claude, George Emil Palade, Keith R. Porter (1970) · Hugh E. Huxley (1971) · Stephen W. Kuffler (1972) · Renato Dulbecco, Harry Eagle, Theodore T. Puck (1973) · Boris Ephrussi (1974) · Sune Bergström, Bengt Samuelsson (1975) · Seymour Benzer, Charles Yanofsky (1976) · Michael Heidelberger, Elvin A. Kabat, Henry G. Kunkel (1977) · David Hubel, Vernon Mountcastle, Torsten Wiesel (1978) · Walter Gilbert, Frederick Sanger (1979) · César Milstein (1980) · Aaron Klug (1981) · Barbara McClintock, Susumu Tonegawa (1982) · Stanley Cohen, Viktor Hamburger, Rita Levi-Montalcini (1983) · Michael Stuart Brown, Joseph Goldstein (1984) · Donald D. Brown, Mark Ptashne (1985) · Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann (1986) · Günter Blobel (1987) · Thomas R. Cech, Phillip Sharp (1988) · Alfred Gilman, Edwin Krebs (1989) · Stephen Harrison, Michael G. Rossmann, Don C. Wiley (1990) · Richard R. Ernst, Kurt Wüthrich (1991) · Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Edward Bok Lewis (1992) · Nicole Le Douarin, Donald Metcalf (1993) · Philippa Marrack, John Kappler (1994) · Leland Hartwell (1995) · Clay M. Armstrong, Bertil Hille (1996) · Stanley Prusiner (1997) · Arnold J. Levine, Bert Vogelstein (1998) · Pierre Chambon, Robert Roeder, Robert Tjian (1999) · H. Robert Horvitz, Stanley J. Korsmeyer (2000) · Avram Hershko, Alexander Varshavsky (2001) · James E. Rothman, Randy W. Schekman (2002) · Roderick MacKinnon (2003) · Tony Hunter, Tony Pawson (2004) · Ada Yonath (2005) · Roger David Kornberg (2006) · Joseph G. Gall, Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol W. Greider (2007) · F. Ulrich Hartl, Arthur Horwich, Rosalind Franklin (2008) · Victor R. Ambros, Gary Ruvkun (2009) · Thomas J. Kelly, Bruce Stillman (2010) · Jeffrey Connor Hall, Michael Rosbash, Michael Warren Young (2011) · Richard Losick, Joe Lutkenhaus, Lucy Shapiro (2012) · Edvard Moser, May-Britt Moser, John O’Keefe (2013) · James Patrick Allison (2014) · S. Lawrence Zipursky (2015) · Howard Cedar, Aharon Razin, Gary Felsenfeld (2016) · Jeffrey I. Gordon (2017) · Pierre Chambon, Ronald M. Evans, Bert O’Malley (2018) · Lewis C. Cantley, David M. Sabatini, Peter K. Vogt (2019) · Robert Fettiplace, James Hudspeth, Christine Petit (2020)

V · D · M Vincitori del Premio Nobel per la medicina
1901 - 1925	Emil Adolf von Behring (1901) • Ronald Ross (1902) • Niels Ryberg Finsen (1903) • Ivan Pavlov (1904) • Robert Koch (1905) • Camillo Golgi, Santiago Ramón y Cajal (1906) • Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran (1907) • Il'ja Il'ič Mečnikov, Paul Ehrlich (1908) • Emil Theodor Kocher (1909) • Albrecht Kossel (1910) • Allvar Gullstrand (1911) • Alexis Carrel (1912) • Charles Robert Richet (1913) • Robert Bárány (1914) • Jules Bordet (1919) • August Krogh (1920) • Archibald Vivian Hill, Otto Meyerhof (1922) • Frederick Banting, John James Rickard Macleod (1923) • Willem Einthoven (1924)
1926 - 1950	Johannes Fibiger (1926) • Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1927) • Charles Nicolle (1928) • Christiaan Eijkman, Frederick Hopkins (1929) • Karl Landsteiner (1930) • Otto Heinrich Warburg (1931) • Charles Sherrington, Edgar Douglas Adrian (1932) • Thomas Hunt Morgan (1933) • George Whipple, George Minot, William Murphy (1934) • Hans Spemann (1935) • Henry Hallett Dale, Otto Loewi (1936) • Albert Szent-Györgyi (1937) • Corneille Heymans (1938) • Gerhard Domagk (1939) • Henrik Dam, Edward Adelbert Doisy (1943) • Joseph Erlanger, Herbert Spencer Gasser (1944) • Alexander Fleming, Ernst Boris Chain, Howard Walter Florey (1945) • Hermann Joseph Muller (1946) • Carl Ferdinand Cori, Gerty Cori, Bernardo Houssay (1947) • Paul Hermann Müller (1948) • Walter Rudolf Hess, Antonio Egas Moniz (1949) • Edward Calvin Kendall, Tadeusz Reichstein, Philip Showalter Hench (1950)
1951 - 1975	Max Theiler (1951) • Selman Waksman (1952) • Hans Adolf Krebs, Fritz Albert Lipmann (1953) • John Franklin Enders, Thomas Huckle Weller, Frederick Chapman Robbins (1954) • Hugo Theorell (1955) • André Frédéric Cournand, Werner Forssmann, Dickinson Richards (1956) • Daniel Bovet (1957) • George Wells Beadle, Edward Lawrie Tatum, Joshua Lederberg (1958) • Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg (1959) • Frank Macfarlane Burnet, Peter Medawar (1960) • Georg von Békésy (1961) • Francis Crick, James Dewey Watson, Maurice Wilkins (1962) • John Carew Eccles, Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Andrew Huxley (1963) • Konrad Bloch, Feodor Lynen (1964) • François Jacob, André Lwoff, Jacques Monod (1965) • Francis Peyton Rous, Charles B. Huggins (1966) • Ragnar Granit, Haldan Keffer Hartline, George Wald (1967) • Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana, Marshall W. Nirenberg (1968) • Max Delbrück, Alfred Hershey, Salvador Luria (1969) • Bernard Katz, Ulf von Euler, Julius Axelrod (1970) • Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr. (1971) • Gerald Edelman, Rodney Robert Porter (1972) • Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, Nikolaas Tinbergen (1973) • Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George Emil Palade (1974) • David Baltimore, Renato Dulbecco, Howard Martin Temin (1975)
1976 - 2000	Baruch Blumberg, Daniel Carleton Gajdusek (1976) • Roger Guillemin, Andrew Schally, Rosalyn Yalow (1977) • Werner Arber, Daniel Nathans, Hamilton Smith (1978) • Allan McLeod Cormack, Godfrey Hounsfield (1979) • Baruj Benacerraf, Jean Dausset, George Snell (1980) • Roger Sperry, David Hubel, Torsten Wiesel (1981) • Sune Bergström, Bengt Samuelsson, John Vane (1982) • Barbara McClintock (1983) • Niels Kaj Jerne, Georges Köhler, César Milstein (1984) • Michael Stuart Brown, Joseph Goldstein (1985) • Stanley Cohen, Rita Levi-Montalcini (1986) • Susumu Tonegawa (1987) • James W. Black, Gertrude B. Elion, George Herbert Hitchings (1988) • John Michael Bishop, Harold Varmus (1989) • Joseph Murray, Edward Donnall Thomas (1990) • Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann (1991) • Edmond Fischer, Edwin Krebs (1992) • Richard Roberts, Phillip Sharp (1993) • Alfred Gilman, Martin Rodbell (1994) • Edward Bok Lewis, Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard, Eric Wieschaus (1995) • Peter Charles Doherty, Rolf Zinkernagel (1996) • Stanley Prusiner (1997) • Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro, Ferid Murad (1998) • Günter Blobel (1999) • Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard, Eric Kandel (2000)
2001 - oggi	Leland Hartwell, Tim Hunt, Paul Nurse (2001) • Sydney Brenner, H. Robert Horvitz, John Sulston (2002) • Paul Lauterbur, Peter Mansfield (2003) • Richard Axel, Linda Buck (2004) • Barry J. Marshall, Robin Warren (2005) • Andrew Z. Fire, Craig Mello (2006) • Mario Capecchi, Martin Evans, Oliver Smithies (2007) • Harald zur Hausen, Françoise Barré-Sinoussi, Luc Montagnier (2008) • Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol W. Greider, Jack W. Szostak (2009) • Robert Geoffrey Edwards (2010) • Bruce Beutler, Jules Hoffmann, Ralph Steinman (2011) • John Gurdon, Shin'ya Yamanaka (2012) • James Rothman, Randy Schekman, Thomas Südhof (2013) • John O'Keefe, May-Britt Moser, Edvard I. Moser (2014) • William Cecil Campbell, Satoshi Ōmura, Tu Youyou (2015) • Yoshinori Ōsumi (2016) • Jeffrey Connor Hall, Michael Rosbash, Michael Warren Young (2017) • James Patrick Allison, Tasuku Honjo (2018) • William Kaelin Jr., Peter John Ratcliffe, Gregg L. Semenza (2019) • Harvey J. Alter, Michael Houghton, Charles M. Rice (2020) • David Julius, Ardem Patapoutian (2021) • Svante Pääbo (2022) • Katalin Karikó, Drew Weissman (2023)

V · D · M

Vincitori del Premio Willard Gibbs (ACS)

Svante Arrhenius (1911) • Theodore William Richards (1912) • Leo Baekeland (1913) • Ira Remsen (1914) • Arthur Amos Noyes (1915) • Willis R. Whitney (1916) • Edward Morley (1917) • William Merriam Burton (1918) • William A. Noyes (1919) • Frederick Gardner Cottrell (1920) • Marie Curie (1921) • Julius Stieglitz (1923) • Gilbert Lewis (1924) • Moses Gomberg (1925) • James Colquhoun Irvine (1926) • John Jacob Abel (1927) • William Draper Harkins (1928) • Claude Silbert Hudson (1929) • Irving Langmuir (1930) • Phoebus Levene (1931) • Edward Curtis Franklin (1932) • Richard Martin Willstätter (1933) • Harold Urey (1934) • Charles August Kraus (1935) • Roger Adams (1936) • Herbert Newby McCoy (1937) • Robert R. Williams (1938) • Donald Dexter Van Slyke (1939) • Vladimir Ipatieff (1940) • Edward Adelbert Doisy (1941) • Thomas Midgley (1942) • Conrad Arnold Elvehjem (1943) • George O. Curme, Jr. (1944) • Frank C. Whitmore (1945) • Linus Pauling (1946) • Wendell Meredith Stanley (1947) • Carl F. Cori (1948) • Peter Debye (1949) • Carl S. Marvel (1950) William Francis Giauque (1951) William C. Rose (1952) • Joel Henry Hildebrand (1953) • Elmer K. Bolton (1954) • Farrington Daniels (1955) • Vincent du Vigneaud (1956) • W. Albert Noyes, Jr. (1957) • Willard Frank Libby (1958) • Hermann Irving Schlesinger (1959) • George B. Kistiakowsky (1960) • Louis Plack Hammett (1961) • Lars Onsager (1962) • Paul Doughty Bartlett (1963) • Izaak M. Kolthoff (1964) • Robert Mulliken (1965) • Glenn Theodore Seaborg (1966) • Robert Burns Woodward (1967) • Henry Eyring (1968) • Gerhard Herzberg (1969) • Frank H. Westheimer (1970) • Henry Taube (1971) • John T. Edsall (1972) • Paul Flory (1973) • Har Gobind Khorana (1974) • Herman F. Mark (1975) • Kenneth S. Pitzer (1976) • Melvin Calvin (1977) • William O. Baker (1978) • Edgar Bright Wilson (1979) • Frank Albert Cotton (1980) • Bert Lester Vallee (1981) • Gilbert Stork (1982) • John D. Roberts (1983) • Elias James Corey (1984) • Donald James Cram (1985) • Jack Halpern (1986) • Allen Bard (1987) • Rudolph Marcus (1988) • Richard Barry Bernstein (1989) • Richard Zare (1990) • Günther Wilke (1991) • Harry B. Gray (1992) • Peter B. Dervan (1993) • Frederick Hawthorne (1994) • John Meurig Thomas (1995) • Fred Basolo (1996) • Carl Djerassi (1997) • Mario Molina (1998) • Lawrence F. Dahl (1999) • Nicholas Turro (2000) • Tobin J. Marks (2001) • Ralph Hirschmann (2002) • John I. Brauman (2003) • Ronald Breslow (2004) • David A. Evans (2005) • Jacqueline K. Barton (2006) • Sylvia T. Ceyer (2007) • Carolyn R. Bertozzi (2008) • Louis Brus (2009) • Maurice Brookhart (2010) • Robert G. Bergman (2011) • Mark Ratner (2012) • Charles M. Lieber (2013) • John E. Bercaw (2014) • John F. Hartwig (2015) • Laura L. Kiessling (2016) • Judith Klinman (2017) • Cynthia Burrows (2018) • Marcetta Y. Darensbourg (2019)

Controllo di autorità	VIAF (EN) 22355050 · ISNI (EN) 0000 0001 1044 7138 · LCCN (EN) n83827435 · GND (DE) 1017046506 · BNF (FR) cb144033259 (data) · J9U (EN, HE) 987007383574705171