Gilded Age

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The Breakers, una magione della Gilded Age a Newport nel Rhode Island

Nella storia degli Stati Uniti con Gilded Age, in italiano Età dell'oro o Età dorata statunitense, ci si riferisce al periodo che va dal 1870 al 1901, partendo dalla presidenza di Ulysses S. Grant per terminare con la presidenza di William McKinley.

Storia

Il termine per questo periodo entrò in uso nei decenni del 1920 e 1930 e fu derivato dal romanzo L'età dell'oro[1] del 1873 dello scrittore Mark Twain, che satireggia un'epoca di gravi problemi sociali mascherati da una sottile doratura. La Gilded Age coincide grosso modo con la seconda metà dell'età vittoriana in Gran Bretagna e la prima metà della Belle Époque in Francia.

L'età dell'oro statunitense è stata un periodo di rapida crescita economica, in particolare nel nord e nell'ovest. Poiché i salari americani erano diventati molto superiori a quelli europei, soprattutto per i lavoratori qualificati, il periodo vide un afflusso di milioni di immigrati europei oltreoceano. La rapida espansione dell'industrializzazione portò alla crescita dei salari reali del 60% tra il 1860 e il 1890, distribuiti tra la sempre crescente forza lavoro. Il salario medio annuo per lavoratore industriale (tra cui uomini, donne e bambini) passò da circa $380 nel 1880 a $564 nel 1890, un incremento del 48%. Tuttavia, l'età dell'oro statunitense fu anche un'epoca di povertà e disuguaglianza, poiché milioni di immigrati - molti provenienti da nazioni europee impoverite - si riversarono negli Stati Uniti in massa e l'alta concentrazione della ricchezza diventò più visibile e controversa (ciò avrebbe portato al periodo del populismo di fine Ottocento e nel 1909 a introdurre il XVI emendamento della Costituzione e a istituire una income tax stabile e permanente).[2]

Note

  1. ^ Mark Twain e Charles Dudley Warner, L'età dell'oro, LIT EDIZIONI, 28 maggio 2014, ISBN 978-88-6192-519-9. URL consultato il 9 giugno 2023.
  2. ^ Stiglitz, Joseph, The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future, W. W. Norton & Company, 2013, p. xxxiv, ISBN 0-393-34506-8.

Bibliografia

  • Archdeacon, Thomas J. Becoming American: An Ethnic History (1984) on immigration and ethnicity
  • Argersinger; Peter H. Structure, Process, and Party: Essays in American Political History. (1992) online version
  • Arnesen, Eric, ed. Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History (3 vol. 2006), essays by scholars
  • Jack Beatty, Age of Betrayal: The Triumph of Money in America, 1865-1900, Vintage, 2008, ISBN 1-4000-3242-3.
  • Buenker, John D. and Joseph Buenker, eds. Encyclopedia of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era. (2005). 1256 pp. in three volumes. ISBN 0-7656-8051-3; 900 essays by 200 scholars
  • Calhoun, Charles W. (a cura di), The Gilded Age: Perspectives on the Origins of Modern America, 2nd, Rowman & Littlefield, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7425-5037-7.
  • Cherny, Robert W., American Politics in the Gilded Age, 1868–1900, Wheeling, Illinois, Harlan Davidson, 1997.
  • De Santis, Vincent P. "The Political Life of the Gilded Age: A Review of the Recent Literature." The History Teacher 9.1 (1975): 73-106. in JSTOR
  • Edwards, Rebecca, New Spirits: Americans in the Gilded Age, 1865–1905, Oxford University Press, 2005, ISBN 978-0-19-514729-2.
  • Faulkner, Harold U.; Politics, Reform, and Expansion, 1890–1900 (1959), scholarly survey, strong on economic and political history online edition Archiviato il 26 luglio 2012 in Internet Archive.
  • Fink, Leon. The Long Gilded Age: American Capitalism and the Lessons of a New World Order (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015) excerpt
  • Folsom, Burton W., and Forrest McDonald, The Myth of the Robber Barons: A New Look at the Rise of Big Business in America (1991), by leading conservative scholars
  • Fraser, Steve (2015). The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 0316185434.
  • Garraty, John A. The New Commonwealth, 1877–1890, 1968 scholarly survey, strong on economic and political history
  • Jensen, Richard. "Democracy, Republicanism and Efficiency: The Values of American Politics, 1885–1930," in Byron Shafer and Anthony Badger, eds, Contesting Democracy: Substance and Structure in American Political History, 1775–2000 (U of Kansas Press, 2001) pp 149–180; online version
  • Kirkland, Edward C. Industry Comes of Age, Business, Labor, and Public Policy 1860–1897 (1961), standard survey
  • Kleppner; Paul. The Third Electoral System 1853–1892: Parties, Voters, and Political Cultures U of North Carolina Press, (1979) online version
  • Morgan, H. Wayne. From Hayes to McKinley: National Party Politics, 1877–1896 (1969) online edition Archiviato il 16 luglio 2012 in Internet Archive.
  • Morgan, H. Wayne ed. The Gilded Age: A Reappraisal Syracuse University Press 1970. interpretive essays
  • Nevins, Allan. The Emergence of Modern America, 1865–1878 (1933) ISBN 0-403-01127-2, social history
  • Rees, Jonathan. Industrialization and the Transformation of American Life: A Brief Introduction (M.E. Sharpe, 2013) 139 pp
  • Schlesinger, Arthur M. The Rise of the City: 1877–1898 (1933), social history of big city life
  • Schlup, Leonard C. e James G. Ryan, Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age, M.E. Sharpe, 2003.
  • Shannon, Fred A. The Farmer's Last Frontier: 1860–1897 (1945) survey of economic history online edition
  • Smythe, Ted Curtis; The Gilded Age Press, 1865–1900 (2003). online edition; newspapers and magazines
  • Stiles, T. J., The First Tycoon: The Epic Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt, Random House, 2010.; Pulitzer prize.
  • Trachtenberg, Alan. The incorporation of America: Culture and society in the gilded age (2007) chapter 5 online
  • Upchurch, Thomas Adams, Historical Dictionary of the Gilded Age, Scarecrow Press, 2009. 276pp
  • Wagner, David. Ordinary People: In and Out of Poverty in the Gilded Age (2008); traces people who were at one time in a poor house
  • White, Richard. "Corporations, Corruption, and the Modern Lobby: A Gilded Age Story of the West and the South in Washington, D.C.", Southern Spaces, 16 April 2009.
  • Woodward, C. Vann. Origins of the New South, 1877--1913 (1951).
  • Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States, HarperCollins, 2005, ISBN 0-06-083865-5.
  • Link, William A., and Susannah J. Link, eds. The Gilded Age and Progressive Era: A Documentary Reader (2012) Excerpt and text search

Collegamenti esterni

  • Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era[collegamento interrotto], scholarly quarterly
  • More general information to the Gilded Age on the Library of Congress
  • New Spirits: A Web Site on Americans in the Gilded Age, 1865–1905[collegamento interrotto] by Rebecca Edwards, Vassar College
  • Documenting the Gilded Age: New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century (NYARC)
  • Documenting the Gilded Age: New York City Exhibitions at the Turn of the 20th Century (NYARC) Phase 2
  • Gilding the Gilded Age: Interior Decoration Tastes & Trends in New York City (A collaboration between The Frick Collection and The William Randolph Hearst Archive at LIU Post) Phase 3
  • WWW-VL: History: United States: The Gilded Age, 1876–1900 by Robert Spencer, University of Southern Maine. An extensive collection of materials.
  • America's Wealth in the Gilded Age Archiviato il 7 maggio 2006 in Internet Archive. accessed March 29, 2006
  • Illinois During the Gilded Age, 1866–1896, primary documents; from Northern Illinois University Libraries
  • Harper's Weekly 150 cartoons on elections 1860–1912; Reconstruction topics; Chinese exclusion; plus American Political Prints from the Library of Congress, 1766–1876
    • Elections 1860–1912 as covered by Harper's Weekly; news, editorials, cartoons (many by Thomas Nast see also [1] [2] Archiviato il 16 dicembre 2009 in Internet Archive. [3])
  • "Graphic Witness" caricatures in history
  • Gilded Age & Progressive Era Cartoons, industry, labor, politics, prohibition from Ohio State University
  • Puck cartoons
  • Keppler cartoons
  • 1892 cartoons
  • Slum Life In New York City During the Nineteenth Century's Gilded Age
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